Aim-9x

Usage in battles

The AIM-9G is primarily a short range air-to-air missile which requires a rear aspect IR signature to lock on to a target. The Golf models have an improved acquisition envelope making target tracking easier and at steeper angles. The missile is also able to sustain higher Gs which increases horizontal engagement hit ratios and target lock. As a short range missile recommend rear engagement distance is around 1-4 km, any shots lower may not give adequate time for the missile to track. With horizontal engagement lock on distance is around 1-2 km depending on the approach angle.

When locking on, ensure that the target track is not a friendly or the sun, as the IR missile cannot differentiate between heat signatures. The most ideal engagement is a rear aspect as the enemy’s engine will provide a perfect source of thermal energy for the seeker. The AIM-9G can handle off set horizontal engagements better then previous models due to the higher G load and improved seeker envelope. However you will still have difficulty acquiring the thermal signature of an aircraft unless your are within 1.5-2 km, at this shorter distance the heavier missile may not be able to manoeuvre fast enough or acquire the target.

Pros and cons

Pros:

• Higher max G-load at 18G
• Improved acquisition envelope

Cons:

• Heavier missile at 88 kg compared to previous models
• Reduced explosive mass at 2.76 kg
• Same range with little improvements to avionics

Operaattorit

Nykyiset operaattorit

• Argentiina AIM-9L/M
• Australia
• Belgia
• Bahrain
• Brasilia
• Kanada
• Chile
• Tšekin tasavalta
• Tanska
• Egypti
• Etiopia
• Suomi
• Unkari
• Kreikka
• Indonesia
• Iran
• Irak
• Israel
• Japani
• Jordania
• Kenia
• Kuwait
• Malesia
• Marokko
• Alankomaat
• Norja
• Oman
• Pakistan
• Filippiinit
• Puola
• Portugali AIM-9B/J/P/L/M
• Qatar
• Romania
• Saudi-Arabia
• Singapore
• Etelä-Korea
• Taiwan
• Ruotsi
• Sveitsi
• Thaimaa
• Turkki
• Tunisia
• Yhdysvallat
• Yhdistyneet Arabiemiirikunnat
• Venezuela

Entiset operaattorit

• Itävalta
• Kamerun
• Ranska
• Saksa
• Italia
• Meksiko
• Uusi Seelanti
• Etelä-Afrikka
• Espanja
• Etelä -Vietnam
• Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta
• Jugoslavia
• Zimbabwe

Huomaa, että tämä luettelo ei ole tyhjentävä.

Usage in battles

Overview

AIM-9J is a great tool for any situation where a gun cannot suffice or the pilot has no time to engage. After having used other infrared missiles, the AIM-9J takes virtually no time to get used to.

Deploying AIM-9J in combat

AIM-9J is best used when having to chase an enemy fighter that is accelerating away from you, or is outside of effective gun range. Timing is key to success when using AIM-9J, since unlike any other type of armament, AIM-9J requires 5 seconds to warm up before readiness for launch, after which the missile seeker will remain active for 10 seconds. So it is recommended to plan a missile launch shortly ahead of warmup, such as picking out the target ahead in time and then positioning the engagement to your advantage. AIM-9J is most effective in distances from 0.75-3 km at altitudes below 4 km, or 1-4 km above 4 km of altitude. Furthermore, it is recommended to only fire AIM-9J against the targets rear, preferably with an active afterburner to ensure continuous tracking towards AIM-9J’s upcoming flight. However, when attempting to engage a target moving on a tangent to the launch aircraft, it is recommended to lead the missile slightly towards the target, to ensure the track is sustained throughout the flight. In most cases though, the excellent seeker of AIM-9J will stay on target, even when flares or other countermeasures are deployed. The only threat to AIM-9J worth mentioning are heavily turning targets, due to its limited maximum G-load of 20G, therefore making it not an impossible task to dodge AIM-9J.

Pros and cons

Pros:

• TNT load sufficient to kill any aircraft it hits when compared to opposing aircrafts missiles such as R-60
• Accurate seeker hard to distract with flares
• Radar can assist the missile to pick the right target before launch

Cons:

• Does not follow hard turning targets well unlike R-60 or R550
• Seeker remains warmed up for only 10 seconds

Operadores

Operadores actuales

• Argentina AIM-9L / M
• Australia
• Bélgica
• Bahréin
• Brasil
• Canadá
• Chile
• República Checa
• Dinamarca
• Egipto
• Etiopía
• Finlandia
• Hungría
• Grecia
• Indonesia
• Iran
• Irak
• Israel
• Japón
• Jordán
• Kenia
• Kuwait
• Malasia
• Marruecos
• Países Bajos
• Noruega
• Omán
• Pakistán
• Filipinas
• Polonia
• Portugal AIM-9B / J / P / L / M
• Katar
• Rumania
• Arabia Saudita
• Singapur
• Corea del Sur
• Taiwán
• Suecia
• Suiza
• Tailandia
• pavo
• Túnez
• Estados Unidos
• Emiratos Árabes Unidos
• Venezuela

Antiguos operadores

• Austria
• Camerún
• Francia
• Alemania
• Italia
• México
• Nueva Zelanda
• Sudáfrica
• España
• Vietnam del Sur
• Reino Unido
• Yugoslavia
• Zimbabue

Tenga en cuenta que esta lista no es exhaustiva.

Usage in battles

This missile is best utilised when trailing an enemy. This will allow the pilot enough time to close the distance and acquire a target lock before firing the missile. The AIM-9B is especially effective against jet bombers, such as the Vautour IIA IDF/AF (France), which generally have poor manoeuvrability.

The missile can hit targets at up to 2.7km of range if they are moving in a straight line and make no effort to dodge. You can use this to your advantage by launching at aircraft high above you, who believe themselves to be safe due to their altitude, and may thus neglect to check their rear.

Firing the missile at aircraft moving in a straight line less than 900m away usually guarantees a kill, as by the time the target can react to the missile, it is already upon them.

When firing this missile, watch out for nearby friendly aircraft, and for the sun. The missile may lock onto either of these, causing at the best a miss, and at the worst an unintended team-kill.

The AIM-9B may be used to force the enemy to manoeuvre and bleed their speed, making it easier for the pilot to acquire a traditional firing solution and destroy the enemy with cannon fire.

Pros and cons

Pros:

• Effective at destroying low energy targets
• Decent effective range can travel far in a straight line to intercept
• Very effective against aircraft with low manoeuvrability
• Effective against aircraft compressing at high speed

Cons:

• Narrow firing circle compared to later missiles with uncaged seekers
• Poorest range out of all AIM-9 variants
• Often loses track when the target manoeuvres in more than one dimension or turns sharply.

Versions

AIM-9E, AIM-9E-2

The YF-16 and F-16 No.1, both with AIM-9E Sidewinders. Note the radar-less small nose of the YF on the left. (Tom Collins photo)

AIM-9L/M, AIM-9M-7, Rb 74

A close look at the teeth of the Wild Weasel: two 35th FW F-16CJ-50s carrying HTS pod, 2x AIM-9P, 2x AIM-120, 2x AGM-88, ECM pod, and 2x 370gal fuel tanks. (USAF photo)

The AIM-9L introduced yet another new guidance system making it a true all-aspect missile (which means it doesn’t need to be aimed at the exhaust of the target but can also lock on e.g. wing edges heated by air friction), and an annular blast-fragmentation warhead surrounded by a sheath of pre-fragmented rods. It uses a proximity-fuze, consisting of a ring of GaAs (Gallium-Arsenide) laserdiodes and corresponding photodiodes. If the target is close enough to reflect the emitted light back to the receiving photodiodes, the warhead is fired. This improved optical fuze increases the missile’s lethality and resistance to electronic countermeasures. Despite its basic design, the all-aspect AIM-9L Sidewinder still remains a potent threat, exceeded in effectiveness perhaps only by the Russian-built Molniya/Vympel R-73 (known in the West as the AA-11 Archer) which combines aerodynamic and thrust-vectoring control systems. The Swedish AIM-9L’s are designated as Rb 74.

The AIM-9M has the all-aspect capability of the L model, but provides all-around higher performance. The M model has improved defense against infrared countermeasures, enhanced background discrimination capability, and a reduced-smoke rocket motor. These modifications increase ability to locate and lock-on a target and decrease the missile’s chances for detection. Deliveries of the M model began in 1983.

The AIM-9M-7 was a specific modification to the AIM-9M in response to threats expected in the Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm theater of operation.

AIM-9R

The AIM-9R was originally funded as the AIM-9M Product Improvement Program (PIP). Under Pave Prism, the research effort continued for enhanced clutter rejection, better aim-point selection, increased field-of-view for tracking highly maneuverable or off-boresight targets and better IRCCM (Infra Red Counter Counter Measures).

The seeker head incorporates a 3-gimbal stabilized optical platform bearing a new Imaging IR (IRR) seeker with a focal plane array, which can lock on at greater ranges than any previous version, a digital image processor and autotrack function, and the use of EPROM (Electronically Programmable ROM) to facilitate software upgrades. The 9R also dispenses with the refrigeration system, which was mounted either in the missile itself (USAF) or inside the launcher shoe (US Navy versions). The USD $50 million development effort began in 1987, and the first 65 pre-production IIR seekers were delivered to the US Navy in May 1990. Five out of the six first tests were successful. In September 1991, the US Air Force dropped out of the AIM-9R program, arguing that the $103,000 unit cost was too high (Unit cost estimates range from $70,000 according to the Navy, to as high as $180,000.) The Air Force withdrawal put the full financial burden on Navy budgets, leading to a decision in December to drop the AIM-9R altogether.

AIM-9X

The AIM-9X is the latest development in the Sidewinder family. Construction of the missile started back in 1992 and introduction is foreseen between 2001 and 2004, when full rate production is set to start.

The AIM-9X is a further and enhanced development of the M-version. It will solve the existing deficiencies of the M-version on the field of high off-boresight angle capability, infra-red counter-countermeasures and missile maneuverability. This will help the missile to keep track with existing ait-to-air missiles available on the international market.

Operatører

Nuværende operatører

• Argentina AIM-9L/M
• Australien
• Belgien
• Bahrain
• Brasilien
• Canada
• Chile
• Tjekkiet
• Danmark
• Egypten
• Etiopien
• Finland
• Ungarn
• Grækenland
• Indonesien
• Iran
• Irak
• Israel
• Japan
• Jordan
• Kenya
• Kuwait
• Malaysia
• Marokko
• Holland
• Norge
• Oman
• Pakistan
• Filippinerne
• Polen
• Portugal AIM-9B/J/P/L/M
• Qatar
• Rumænien
• Saudi Arabien
• Singapore
• Sydkorea
• Taiwan
• Sverige
• Schweiz
• Thailand
• Kalkun
• Tunesien
• Forenede Stater
• Forenede Arabiske Emirater
• Venezuela

Tidligere operatører

• Østrig
• Cameroun
• Frankrig
• Tyskland
• Italien
• Mexico
• New Zealand
• Sydafrika
• Spanien
• Sydvietnam
• Det Forenede Kongerige
• Jugoslavien
• Zimbabwe

Bemærk, at denne liste ikke er udtømmende.

Usage in battles

Used to engage air targets in all three game modes. The missile is capable of firing from a significant angle around the pipper, but use at the extreme edge of lock on circle will almost always result in a miss.

RB: When the seeker head is primed, a large circle and a small circle will appear. The small circle is the acquisition circle, an enemy plane must be in this circle to be locked, the large circle is the limit of lock, i.e if the target leaves this circle lock will be lost. To give best chances of success this should be used to «lead» a target. e.g a target moving left to right should be placed in the left part of the large circle to give the missile a «head start» in intercepting its target.

SB: The missile is used in a similar sense to the -9B but will be more forgiving and versatile. It can be hard to tell what your limits of lock are but experience will help. To lock place the target in the cross hair while the missile is searching, once the high tone for a lock is heard try place the cross hair significantly a head of the enemy as if making a deflection shot. You must reduce your G loading before firing but not while holding lock. Testing seems to indicate that you must be below 3 or 4G to fire. Like the -9B, the missile works best in surprise attacks and is more resistant to manoeuvres than its predecessor. The missile is great for taking down bombers without dealing with gunners, especially unaware ones. Can easily score a 100% P(k) against AI bombers.

Pros and cons

Pros:

• Mach 2.5 as opposed to 1.7
• Wide seeker head
• Increased effective range
• Decreased time to target

Cons:

• Retains 10G limit
• Has low G limit for launch
• Rear aspect

Биография вымышленного персонажа

Сет Фолькер

Сет Фолькер родился в Кеноша, штат Висконсин, и вырос, чтобы стать профессором экономики. Ему не удалось добиться срока пребывания в должности, и его наняла компания Roxxon Oil в качестве экономического аналитика. Он обнаружил их преступные схемы, и они разрешили ему подать заявку на мутагенное изменение. Как профессиональный преступник Сайдвиндер, он был первоначально нанят Роксоном для получения Змеиной Короны . Наряду с третьим воплощением Отряда Змеи , Сайдвиндер смог вернуть корону президенту компании Хью Джонсу после битвы с Существом , Стингреем , Тритоном и Алой Ведьмой . Однако после того, как он проработал на Роксон, он решил создать свою собственную преступную организацию, Змеиное общество . Он организовал Змеиное общество, провел тесты инициации и связался с потенциальными клиентами. В первой миссии Общества Сайдуиндер отправил их убить МОДОК от имени AIM . Обладая способностью телепортироваться, Сайдвиндер пообещал своим новобранцам, что они никогда не будут заключены в тюрьму. Это привлекло несколько злодеев в змеиной тематике, и Змеиное Общество было весьма успешным, к большому разочарованию Капитана Америки . У него также были романтические отношения с Черной Мамбой .

В следующей миссии Общества Змеи Сайдвиндер отправил их против Капитана Америки , и Сайдвиндер освободил их из тюрьмы после их поимки. Он послал Общество выследить Плеть , убившую Гадюку Смерти . Позже Сайдвиндер спас Черного Гонщика , Копперхеда , Фер-де-Ланса и Паффа Гадюку из тюрьмы и зачислил их в Змеиное общество.

Сайдвиндер был предан своей организацией после того, как Вайпер проник в группу. После отравления ему помог Даймондбэк, и они выжили. Затем он освободил Даймондбэка и Кочевника из- под стражи Комиссии . С помощью Diamondback он украл артефакт у мистера Джипа от имени клиентов Гаура и Ллиры . Он спас Даймондбэк от казни Змеиным обществом. Он помог Black Mamba и Asp избежать King Cobra схватывания «s, и бежал расправу короля кобры. Позже Сайдвиндер безуспешно пытался заключить мир с Королевской Коброй, освободив его из Убежища .

Сайдвиндер отказался от злодеяний, чтобы позволить Капитану Америке помочь ему получить деньги для его дочери, которая болела раком.

Некоторое время спустя Сайдвиндер был замечен в интервью после того, как ушел из подлости.

Разведчик

Новый Сайдвиндер был нанят Смертельным Жалом и Шаридом, чтобы проникнуть на станцию ЩИТ и забрать Ключ Зодиака в качестве ранней испытательной миссии. Сайдвиндер прошел мимо нейронного шока, победил охранников ЩИТА и поразился силе Ключа. Он телепортировался мимо электрощита только для того, чтобы его жестоко ударило током, оставив после себя только его скелет.

Грегори Брайан

Грегори Брайан был превращен в нового Сайдвиндера Корпорацией Брэндов по приказу Хью Джонса и был членом Общества Змеи. После того, как Грегори ушел, Кобра использовала оборудование Brand Corporation (которое давно было украдено Змеиным обществом), чтобы создать больше Sidewinders.

После улучшения, Сайдвиндер позже вытеснил других членов Змеиного Общества из своих ячеек. После того, как группа захватила и приковала к цепи Капитана Америку и Даймондбэка (который на самом деле был LMD) в этой подземной штаб-квартире в Нью-Йорке, пара сбежала. Сайдвиндер был нокаутирован «Даймондбэком». SHIELD впоследствии взял Сайдвиндера и остальную часть Общества под стражу.

Во время сюжетной линии « Тайное вторжение» Сайдвиндер снова присоединился к Змеиному обществу. Общество держало в заложниках ряд гражданских лиц на территории на Среднем Западе Америки, утверждая, что они защищают себя от Скруллов . Однако они были легко побеждены Новой и его новым корпусом Новы .

В рамках All-New, All-Different Marvel события, Sidewinder появляется как член Viper «s Змеиное общество под его новым названием Serpent Solutions.

Во время «Открывающего залпа» сюжетной линии Секретной Империи Сайдвиндер был с Serpent Solutions в то время, когда они были наняты бароном Гельмутом Земо, чтобы присоединиться к его Армии Зла.

В бою

Стрельба из истребителя F-16 Falcon компании General Dynamics .

AIM-9B был первый эксплуатационный вариант: первая ракета воздушная победа пришла , когда AIM-9B, возбужденный F-86 Сейбр сбит Китайской Народной освободительной армии MIG- 15 на24 сентября 1958 г.во время Второго кризиса Тайваньского пролива .

AIM-9B использовался, в частности, во время войны во Вьетнаме , но его эффективность оставалась ограниченной. ВВС США утверждают , что 28 воздушных победы с этим оружием, для КПД 16% с версией AIM-9B и AIM-9E. ВМС США , в свою очередь, имел больше успеха с версией AIM-9D и AIM-9G. Всего за время этого конфликта на счету AIM-9 82 победы. Более поздние версии внесены различные улучшения и были успешно использованы во многих конфликтах, такие как Фолклендская война двух воюющих сторон, в ирано-иракской войне со стороны Ирана , войны Индо-Пакистан Пакистаном , то войны в Персидском заливе по коалиции и израильско-арабской конфликты .

Около 270 воздушных побед по всему миру благодаря AIM-9 Sidewinder, все версии вместе взятые .

Daha sonraki gelişmeler

Daha büyük roket motoru

Yüksek İrtifa Projesi kapsamında, China Lake’deki mühendisler, daha büyük bir motorun kullanışlılığını denemek için bir Sidewinder savaş başlığı ve arayıcıyı bir Sparrow roket motoruyla eşleştirdiler.

Diğer kara fırlatma platformları

2016 yılında AIM-9X, New Mexico , ABD’deki White Sands Füze Menzilinde bir Çok Amaçlı Fırlatıcıdan test edildi . MML ile test sırasında AIM-9X aşırı ısınma ile ilgili sorunlar yaşadı. Bu sorunlar o zamandan beri çözüldü.

Mayıs 2019’da AIM-9X Block II, Norveç’teki Andoya Test Merkezi’nde Ulusal Gelişmiş Karadan Havaya Füze Sisteminden ( NAMSS ) test atışına tabi tutuldu .

External links

References

1. Westrum 2013, p.196
2. ↑ Parsch 2008
3. ↑ Kopp 2014
4. ↑ GlobalSecurity.org «AIM-9 Sidewinder»
5. ↑ Goebel 2021

Bibliography

• Westrum, Ron. Sidewinder; Creative Missile Development at China Lake. Naval Institute Press, 30 Sep. 2013.

Missiles
USA
AAM	AIM-7C Sparrow · AIM-7D Sparrow · AIM-7E Sparrow · AIM-7E-2 Sparrow
	AIM-9B Sidewinder · AIM-9C Sidewinder · AIM-9D Sidewinder · AIM-9E Sidewinder · AIM-9G Sidewinder · AIM-9J Sidewinder · AIM-9L Sidewinder · AIM-9P Sidewinder
	AIM-92 Stinger
AGM	AGM-12B Bullpup · AGM-12C Bullpup · AGM-22 · AGM-65A · AGM-65B · AGM-114B Hellfire · AGM-114K Hellfire II · BGM-71D TOW-2
ATGM	BGM-71 TOW · BGM-71A TOW · BGM-71B TOW · BGM-71C I-TOW
SAM	MIM146
Germany
AAM	AIM-9B FGW.2 Sidewinder
AGM	HOT-1 · HOT-2 TOW · HOT-3 · PARS 3 LR
ATGM	HOT-K3S
SAM	Roland
USSR
AAM	9M39 Igla · R-3R · R-3S · R-13M1 · R-23R · R-23T · R-60 · R-60M
AGM	9K127 Vikhr · 9M17M Falanga · 9M17P Falanga-PV · 9M120 Ataka · 9M120-1 Ataka
	Kh-23M · Kh-25 · Kh-25ML · Kh-29L · Kh-29T · Kh-66
ATGM	3M7 · 9M14 · 9M113 Konkurs · 9M114 Shturm · 9M123 · 9M133
SAM	9M311 · 9M311-1M
Britain
AAM	Fireflash · Firestreak · Red Top · Skyflash · SRAAM
ATGM	BAe Swingfire · MILAN · MILAN 2 · ZT3
SAM	Starstreak
Japan
ATGM	Type 64 MAT · Type 79
SAM	Type 91
China
AAM	PL-2 · PL-5B
ATGM	HJ-73 · HJ-73E
SAM	HN-6 ·
Italy
SAM	Mistral SATCP
France
AAM	AA-20 Nord · Matra R530 · Matra R530E · Matra R550 Magic 1 · Mistral · Shafrir
AGM	9M14-2 Malyutka-2 · AS-20 Nord · AS-30 Nord · HOT-1 · HOT-2 TOW · HOT-3
ATGM	HOT · SS.11
SAM	Roland · VT1
Sweden
AAM	RB24 · RB24J · RB71
AGM	Rb05A
ATGM	Rbs 55 · Rbs 56
SAM	Rbs 70
	AAM = Air-to-Air Missile   AGM = Air-to-Ground Missile   ATGM = Anti-Tank Guided Missile (Ground mounts)   SAM = Surface-to-Air Missile

Viitteet

Bibliografia

• Bonds, Ray toim. Moderni Yhdysvaltain sotakone . New York City: Crown Publishers, 1989. ISBN  0-517-68802-6 .
• Clancy, Tom (1996). «Ordnance: Kuinka Pommit Got Smart ‘ «. Fighter Wing . Lontoo: HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 978-0-00-255527-2.
• Babcock, Elizabeth (1999). Sidewinder — keksintö ja varhaiset vuodet. China Lake Museum -säätiö. 26 s. Tiivistelmä alkuperäisen Sidewinder -version kehityksestä ja sen suunnittelussa mukana olevista keskeisistä henkilöistä.
• McCarthy, Donald J. Jr. MiG Killers, Yhdysvaltain ilmahyökkäysten kronologia Vietnamissa 1965–1973 . 2009, Specialty Press, North Branch, MN, USA ISBN  978-1-58007-136-9
• Michel III, Marshall L.Clashes, Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972. 1997. ISBN  978-1-59114-519-6 .
• Westrum, Ron (1999). » Sidewinder — luova ohjuskehitys China Lake -järvellä.» Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-951-2

Similar Weapons

Box Office/Improved Sidewinder

This formerly classified USAF program began in 1988 in conjunction with Raytheon to overhaul Sidewinder design. The missile introduces tail control with small independently activated tail fins shaped like those on the MIM-104 Patriot, and eliminates wings and rollerons, relying on the body for lift. The missile has greater acceleration, a 50-g maneuvering capability, and fits into 1/4 of the weapons bay space required for conventional AIM-9. The guidance system offers Electronically Erasable Programmable Read- Only Memory (EEPROM), and a digital roll-control autopilot.

The «Box size» (i.e., the square dimensions of its container) is 7.9 in (200 mm) compared to the 20 in (508 mm) of the standard Sidewinder. Obviously, the Box Office is designed to be fitted in the internal weapons bay of aircraft such as the F-22, so more can be carried in a given volume.

Boa

Similar to Box Office, but undertaken by the US Naval Air Test Center at China Lake, CA. The wings are merely reduced in size instead of being eliminated.

Design

Sidewinder styres ikke på den aktuelle position registreret af detektoren, men på ændringen i position siden den sidste observation. Så hvis målet forblev 5 grader tilbage mellem to rotationer af spejlet, ville elektronikken ikke udsende noget signal til kontrolsystemet. Overvej et missil affyret i vinkel på sit mål; hvis missilet flyver med samme hastighed som målet, skal det «føre» det med 45 grader og flyve til et slagpunkt langt foran, hvor målet var, da det blev affyret. Hvis missilet kører fire gange målets hastighed, skal det følge en vinkel omkring 11 grader foran. I begge tilfælde skal missilet beholde den vinkel hele vejen til aflytning, hvilket betyder, at vinklen, som målet gør mod detektoren, er konstant. Det var denne konstante vinkel, Sidewinder forsøgte at opretholde. Dette » proportional pursuit » -system er meget let at implementere, men alligevel tilbyder det højtydende blyberegning næsten gratis og kan reagere på ændringer i målets flyvebane, hvilket er meget mere effektivt og gør missilet «føre» målet.

Sidewinder -jälkeläiset

Panssarintorjunta

AIM-9L: n kokeellinen käyttö säiliöitä vastaan China Lake -järvellä , 1971

China Lake kokeili Sidewindereitä ilma-maa-tilassa, mukaan lukien käyttö panssarintorjunta-aseena. Vuodesta 2008 lähtien AIM-9X osoitti kykynsä menestyä kevyenä ilma-maa-ohjuksena.

Vuonna 2016 Diehl päätti sopimuksen Bundeswehrin laitteisto-, tietotekniikka- ja käyttötuen liittovaltion toimiston kanssa kehittääkseen AIM-9L-muunnelmaan perustuvan Sidewinder-ohjuksen laser-ohjattavan Air-to-Ground-variantin. Testauksessa Ruotsin puolustusmateriaalilaitoksen Saab Gripen saattaa osua yksi kiinteä ja kaksi liikkuvat maalit.

Iranin islamilainen vallankumouksellinen vartijajoukko julkisti 28. helmikuuta 2018 Sidewinder-ohjuksen «Azarakhsh» panssarintorjuntajohdannaisen, joka on tarkoitettu käytettäväksi Bell AH-1J SeaCobra -hyökkäyshelikoptereille.

History

Development

The missile’s history starts at the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) at China Lake in 1947. Under William B. McLean, the missile conception sprang from mating lead-sulfide proximity fuzes that were sensitive to infrared radiation with a guidance system to home onto the infrared source. Initially his own private project, McLean eventually received approval by Admiral William S. Parsons for development.These missiles were first test fired in 1951, with the first air-to-air hit was made on 11 September 1953 on a drone. This experimental missile would be designated as the XAAM-N-7. The missile would also earn the name «Sidewinder» by the development team, named after the desert rattlesnake that senses its prey’s heat and moves in a winding motion.

Initially a US Navy project, the US Air Force was urged into participating by Howard Wilcox, the next project lead after McLean was promoted to upper management at NOTS in 1954. This culminated in a shoot-off in June 1955 between the Navy’s Sidewinder against the Air Force’s GAR-2 Falcon missile. The Sidewinder’s performance in this event resulted in the US Air Force putting their support in the Sidewinder. By May 1956, the missile was officially adopted as the AAM-N-7 for the US Navy and the GAR-8 for the US Air Force. These designation would remain until 27 June 1963, when the Sidewinder’s designations were standardised across all armed services as the AIM-9.

AIM-9D

A rack of Sidewinder missiles used by the US Navy. From top to bottom: AIM-9B, AIM-9D, and AIM-9C.

Recognizing the limitations the initial production Sidewinder had, the US Navy set to work to improve the missile. The construction of the missile nose was changed into a streamlined ogival nose. The optical seeker was improved with a wider field of view, and the infrared seeker with a reduced field of view to downplay background noise. A new nitrogen cooling system was installed for the fuse, which enhanced head sensitivity for the missile. Manoeuvrability was improved with a faster seeker tracking rate, as well as a new actuator system. The Sidewinder’s missile range was improved with new Hercules MK 36 solid-fuel rocket motor that allowed the missile to have a 18 km range. Finally, a new Mk 48 continuous-rod warhead was fitted to the missile for increased lethality, which also allowed for an infrared or a radio proximity fuse. These improvements were settled into the AIM-9D variant for the US Navy. About 1,000 AIM-9D units were produced between 1965 and 1969.

In 1963, the US Army’s Missile Command (MICOM) were interested in the US Navy’s development of the AIM-9D and looked into a possible conversion of the missile into a surface-to-air role. The feasibility was seen as possible by 1965 and so the US Army looked into making the AIM-9D the main armament of their Chaparral program. These modified AIM-9D Sidewinders were delivered in 1967 and designated XMIM-72A, which were later approved as the MIM-72A. The only major difference to the missile is that only two of the four fins have rollerons (stabilising gyros), while the other two were made non-moving.

Continual improvements over the AIM-9D version eventually developed into the AIM-9G in the 1970s.

External links

References

1. ↑ Goebel 2019
2. ↑ Hollway «The AIM-9 Sidewinder: Fox Two!»
3. ↑ Parsch 2008
4. Gervasi 1984, p.256
5. Parsch 2020
6. ↑ Kopp 2014
7. ↑ Parsch 2002

Bibliography

• Gervasi, Tom. America’s War Machine: the Pursuit of Global Dominance: Arsenal of Democracy III. Grove Press, Inc., 1984.

Missiles
USA
AAM	AIM-7C Sparrow · AIM-7D Sparrow · AIM-7E Sparrow · AIM-7E-2 Sparrow
	AIM-9B Sidewinder · AIM-9C Sidewinder · AIM-9D Sidewinder · AIM-9E Sidewinder · AIM-9G Sidewinder · AIM-9J Sidewinder · AIM-9L Sidewinder · AIM-9P Sidewinder
	AIM-92 Stinger
AGM	AGM-12B Bullpup · AGM-12C Bullpup · AGM-22 · AGM-65A · AGM-65B · AGM-114B Hellfire · AGM-114K Hellfire II · BGM-71D TOW-2
ATGM	BGM-71 TOW · BGM-71A TOW · BGM-71B TOW · BGM-71C I-TOW
SAM	MIM146
Germany
AAM	AIM-9B FGW.2 Sidewinder
AGM	HOT-1 · HOT-2 TOW · HOT-3 · PARS 3 LR
ATGM	HOT-K3S
SAM	Roland
USSR
AAM	9M39 Igla · R-3R · R-3S · R-13M1 · R-23R · R-23T · R-60 · R-60M
AGM	9K127 Vikhr · 9M17M Falanga · 9M17P Falanga-PV · 9M120 Ataka · 9M120-1 Ataka
	Kh-23M · Kh-25 · Kh-25ML · Kh-29L · Kh-29T · Kh-66
ATGM	3M7 · 9M14 · 9M113 Konkurs · 9M114 Shturm · 9M123 · 9M133
SAM	9M311 · 9M311-1M
Britain
AAM	Fireflash · Firestreak · Red Top · Skyflash · SRAAM
ATGM	BAe Swingfire · MILAN · MILAN 2 · ZT3
SAM	Starstreak
Japan
ATGM	Type 64 MAT · Type 79
SAM	Type 91
China
AAM	PL-2 · PL-5B
ATGM	HJ-73 · HJ-73E
SAM	HN-6 ·
Italy
SAM	Mistral SATCP
France
AAM	AA-20 Nord · Matra R530 · Matra R530E · Matra R550 Magic 1 · Mistral · Shafrir
AGM	9M14-2 Malyutka-2 · AS-20 Nord · AS-30 Nord · HOT-1 · HOT-2 TOW · HOT-3
ATGM	HOT · SS.11
SAM	Roland · VT1
Sweden
AAM	RB24 · RB24J · RB71
AGM	Rb05A
ATGM	Rbs 55 · Rbs 56
SAM	Rbs 70
	AAM = Air-to-Air Missile   AGM = Air-to-Ground Missile   ATGM = Anti-Tank Guided Missile (Ground mounts)   SAM = Surface-to-Air Missile

Diseño

El Sidewinder no se guía por la posición real registrada por el detector, sino por el cambio de posición desde el último avistamiento. Entonces, si el objetivo permanecía a 5 grados a la izquierda entre dos rotaciones del espejo, la electrónica no enviaría ninguna señal al sistema de control. Considere un misil disparado en ángulo recto con su objetivo; si el misil está volando a la misma velocidad que el objetivo, debería «adelantarlo» 45 grados, volando a un punto de impacto muy por delante de donde estaba el objetivo cuando fue disparado. Si el misil viaja cuatro veces la velocidad del objetivo, debe seguir un ángulo de unos 11 grados al frente. En cualquier caso, el misil debe mantener ese ángulo hasta la interceptación, lo que significa que el ángulo que forma el objetivo contra el detector es constante. Fue este ángulo constante lo que el Sidewinder intentó mantener. Este sistema de » persecución proporcional » es muy fácil de implementar, pero ofrece un cálculo de plomo de alto rendimiento casi gratis y puede responder a cambios en la trayectoria de vuelo del objetivo, lo que es mucho más eficiente y hace que el misil «lidere» al objetivo.

Referencer

Bibliografi

• Bonds, Ray udg. Den moderne amerikanske krigsmaskine . New York City: Crown Publishers, 1989. ISBN  0-517-68802-6 .
• Clancy, Tom (1996). «Ordnance: Hvordan blev bomber ‘smarte ‘ «. Fighter Wing . London: HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 978-0-00-255527-2.
• Babcock, Elizabeth (1999). Sidewinder — opfindelse og tidlige år. China Lake Museum Foundation. 26 s. En kortfattet oversigt over udviklingen af ​​den originale Sidewinder -version og de centrale personer, der er involveret i dens design.
• McCarthy, Donald J. Jr. MiG Killers, A Chronology of US Air Victories in Vietnam 1965–1973 . 2009, Specialty Press, North Branch, MN, USA ISBN  978-1-58007-136-9
• Michel III, Marshall L. Clashes, Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972. 1997. ISBN  978-1-59114-519-6 .
• Westrum, Ron (1999). » Sidewinder — Kreativ missiludvikling ved China Lake.» Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-951-2

Sidewinder efterkommere

Antitank variant

Eksperimentel brug af en AIM-9L mod kampvogne ved China Lake , 1971

China Lake eksperimenterede med Sidewinders i luft-til-jord-tilstand, herunder brug som et anti-tankvåben. Fra 2008 demonstrerede AIM-9X sin evne som et vellykket let luft-til-jord-missil.

I 2016 indgik Diehl en aftale med Bundeswehr-udstyr, informationsteknologi og support i forbindelse med forbundskontoret om at udvikle en laserstyret Air-To-Ground-variant af Sidewinder-missilet baseret på AIM-9L-varianten. Ved test med den svenske forsvarsmaterieladministration kunne en Saab Gripen ramme et stationært og to bevægelige mål.

Den 28. februar 2018 afslørede det iranske islamiske revolutionære vagtkorps et antitank-derivat af Sidewinder-missilet ved navn «Azarakhsh» beregnet til brug af Bell AH-1J SeaCobra angrebshelikoptere.

Design

Sidewinder není veden podle skutečné polohy zaznamenané detektorem, ale podle změny polohy od posledního pozorování. Pokud by tedy cíl zůstal mezi dvěma otáčkami zrcadla vlevo o 5 stupňů, elektronika by do řídicího systému nevydávala žádný signál. Uvažujme o střele vypálené v pravém úhlu k jejímu cíli; pokud raketa letí stejnou rychlostí jako cíl, měla by ji „navést“ o 45 stupňů a letět do bodu dopadu daleko před místo, kde byl cíl při výstřelu. Pokud raketa letí čtyřikrát rychleji než cíl, měla by vpředu sledovat úhel asi 11 stupňů. V každém případě by raketa měla držet tento úhel až do zachycení, což znamená, že úhel, který svírá cíl s detektorem, je konstantní. Právě tento konstantní úhel se Sidewinder pokoušel udržet. Tento systém „ proporcionálního pronásledování “ je velmi snadno implementovatelný, přesto nabízí vysoce výkonný výpočet vedení téměř zdarma a dokáže reagovat na změny v dráze letu cíle, což je mnohem efektivnější a díky tomu raketa „vede“ cíl.